Grammar Review（英文法の復習）
1 Rules
A rule in grammar is a generalization. It atates how a given grammatical construction usually behaves. A rule is not necessarily true in each and every case. It is generally true. If you see or hear something that does not coincide with a rule below, don't be concerned.
2 Normal Sentence Pattern in English
subject verb complement modifier Sara and I ate a pizza last night We studied technical English I last year
2.1 Subject（主語）
Every sentence in English must have a subject. It is the person or thing that performs or is responsible for the action of the sentence. It usually comes before the verb.
Examples
- Coffee is delicious.
- The weather was very bad yesterday.
- There was a fire in that building last month.
2.2 Verb（動詞）
Every sentence must have a verb. It generally shows the action of the sentence and usually comes after the subject.
Examples
- John drives too fast.
- Jane is going to USA tomorrow.
- It was raining at six o'clock last night.
2.3 Complement（補語）
Every sentence does not require a complement. A complement complements the verb. A complement answers the question what? or whom?
Examples
- Tanaka bought a cake yesterday. (What did Tanaka buy?)
- They called Mary yesterday. (Whom did they call yesterday?)
- He was smoking a cigarette. (What was he smoking?)
2.4 Modifier（修飾語）
Every sentence does not require a modifier. A modifier tells the time, place, or manner of the action. A modifier answers the question when? where? or how?
Examples
- John bought a book at the bookstore. (Where did John buy a book.)
- Jill was swimming in the pool yesterday. (Where was Jill swimming? When was Jill swimming?)
- We ate dinner at seven o'clock. (When did we eat dinner?)
- He was driving very fast. (How was he driving?)
3 Tenses（時制）
Lets look at some examples of tenses before explaining them little bit more in detail.
- simple present（現在形） - He walks to school every day.
- simple past（過去形） - He walked to school yesterday.
- present progressive（現在進行形） - He is walking to school now.
- past progressive（過去進行形） - He was walking to school when he saw Mike.
- present perfect（現在完了形） - He has walked to school several times.
- past perfect（過去完了形） - He had walked to school before he hurt his foot.
3.1 Simple Present Tense（現在形）
Simple present is used to indicate a regular or habitual action.
Examples
- Fuji always swims in the evening. (habitual action)
- Henry usually walks to school. (habitual action)
The following verbs are usually used to indicate the present time (now).Examples
know believe hear see smell wish understand hate love like want sound have need appear seem taste own
- I understand the problem now.
- We want to leave now.
- The coffee tastes delicious.
3.2 Present Progressive（現在進行形）
The present progressive is used to indicate present time (now) with all the verbs except the above verbs in the box. Use the following rule to form the present progressive.
Examples
subject + am/is/are + [verb + ing] ...
The present progressive is also used to indicate future time.
- Mark is eating dinner now.
- You are listening my talk now.
- The Prime minister is trying to contact his secretary now.
Examples
- We are leaving for the cinema at seven o'clock. (future time)
- Betty is walking to school tomorrow. (future time)
- We are flying to Hawaii next month. (future time)
3.3 Simple Past Tense（過去形）
The simple past is used for completed action that happened at one specific time in the past.
Examples
- John went to England last year.
- Maria bought a new bicycle yesterday.
- I came to school at eight o'clock this morning.
3.4 Past Progressive（過去進行形）
Use the following rule to form the past progressive.
subject + was/were + [verb + ing] ... The past progressive is used to indicate:Examples More examples:
- An action which was occurring in the past and was interrupted by another action.
exapmle:Monica was watching television when Mark came home.
- Two actions occurring at the same time in the past.
example:Mark was watching television while John was reading a book.
- An action which was occurring at some specific time in the past.
example:Marth was watching televison at seven o'clock last night.
- Henry was walking to school when he lost his hat.
- Johnny was watching television when his brother called.
- The student was talking while the professor was speaking.
3.5 Present Perfect（現在完了形）
Use the following rule to form the present perfect.
subject + has/have + [verb in past participle] ... The present perfect is used to indicate:
- An action that happened at an indefinite time in tha past.
example:John has traveled around the world. (We don't know when.)
- An action that has happened more than once in the past.
example:George has seen this movie three times.
- An action that began in the past and is still occurring in the present. Use FOR/SINCE
example:Monica has lived in the same house for twenty years. (She still lives there)
OR
- Monica has lived in the same house since 1980. (She is still living there)
3.6 Present Perfect Progressive（現在完了進行形）
For an action that began in the past and is still occurring in the present (present perfect rule), it is possible to use the present perfect progressive (continuous). Use the following rule from present perfect progressive.
Examples
subject + has/have + been + [verb + ing] ...
- Monica has lived in the same house for twenty years. (She is still living there.) =
- Monica has been living in the same house for twenty years. (She is still living there.)
3.7 Past Perfect（過去完了形）
Use the following rule to form the past perfect.
subject + had + [verb in past participle] ... The past perfect is used to indicate:
- An action that happened before another action in the past; there usually are two action in the sentence.
example:John had gone to the store before he went home.
- A situation which continue for a time in the past, but stopped before now.
example:Johnny had lived in New York for ten years before he moved to California.
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